This paper reports polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) and polychlorinated bi-phenyls (PCB) concentrations in sediment andfish collected from Polish rivers in agricultural and urbanareas and the associated risk forfish consumers. Total TEQ concentrations infish muscles were in therange 0.29e7.25 pg WHO-TEQ g
1wet weight (w.w.). Generally, levels in sediment andfish muscles werelow except for in the Vistula River in Cracow. In thisfishery, total TEQ concentrations in sediments werehigh at 7.84±1.73 pg WHO-TEQ g
1dry matter andfish were non-compliant with Commission Regu-lation (EU) 1259/2011/EU (3.5 pg WHO-TEQ g
1w.w. for PCDD/F and 6.5 pg WHO-TEQ g
1w.w. for totalTEQ). Dioxin congener profiles in sediments were dominated by OCDD, and in the most contaminatedfisheries in Cracow additionally by OCDF and 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF. The most accumulated PCDD/Fs con-geners infish were 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF except in Cracow, where 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF domi-nated. The most abundant dioxin-like PCB (DL-PCB) and non-dioxin-like PCB (NDL-PCB) congeners werePCB 118 and PCB 153, respectively, both in sediment andfish muscles. The levels and profiles of con-taminants infish reflected the pollution of their environment. To characterize the potential health riskassociated with dioxin and DL-PCB intake, doses ingested in two 100g portions offish by adults andchildren were calculated and expressed as percentages of Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI). Both values ofTWIethat of 14 pg WHO-TEQ kg
1b.w. and the newer value of 2 pg WHO-TEQ kg
1b.w. established bythe EFSA in November 2018ewere taken into account.It appears that regular consumption of somespecies could pose a health risk, especially those from urban areas.